Acute Oak Decline and Agrilus biguttatus: The Co-Occurrence of Stem Bleeding and D-Shaped Emergence Holes in Great Britain
نویسندگان
چکیده
Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is a new condition affecting both species of native oak, Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, in Great Britain. The decline is characterised by a distinctive set of externally visible stem symptoms; bark cracks that “weep” dark exudate are found above necrotic lesions in the inner bark. Emergence holes of the buprestid beetle, Agrilus biguttatus are often also seen on the stems of oak within affected woodlands. This investigation assesses the extent to which the external symptoms of these two agents co-occur and reveals the spatial and temporal patterns present in affected woodland. Annual monitoring in eight affected woodlands showed that stem bleeding and emergence holes frequently occur on the same trees, with new emergence holes significantly more likely to occur when trees already have stem bleeds. Trials with coloured prism traps confirm A. biguttatus was present at all experimental sites. Beetle emergence is linked primarily to a few heavily declining trees, indicating that susceptibility may vary between hosts and that those with reduced health may be predisposed to AOD. Stem bleeds occur on trees in close proximity to the locations of trees with exit holes.
منابع مشابه
Responses of the two‐spotted oak buprestid, Agrilus biguttatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), to host tree volatiles
BACKGROUND Agrilus bigutattus (Fabricius) is a forest pest of increasing importance in the United Kingdom. The larvae damage weakened native oaks and are thought to contribute to premature tree death. Suspected links with acute oak decline (AOD) are not yet confirmed, but AOD-predisposed trees appear to become more susceptible to A. biguttatus attack. Thus, management may be necessary for contr...
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Acute oak decline (AOD) is a relatively newly described disorder affecting native oak species in Britain. Symptomatic trees are characterised by stem bleeds from vertical fissures, necrotic lesions in the live tissue beneath and larval galleries of the two spotted oak buprestid (Agrilus biguttatus). Several abiotic and biotic factors can be responsible for tree death, however the tissue necrosi...
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Figure 1. Agrilus biguttatus: Adult beetle (top; typical length is 8-13 mm; 5/16-1/2 in.); (A) larva tunneling in Quercus robur; (B) cambium necrosis with characteristic “zig-zag” gallery pattern; (C) tree death resulting from A. biguttatus infestation; (D) pupae visible in bark; and (E) “stair” gallery pattern. Images are not to scale. [Top photo by Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Instit...
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